In daily life, we will encounter various type of conductive surface. It may a plate with different surface area on both side or application on pipes. Or, we will encounter insulation in series and parallel arrangement. The calculation basis is still the same. However, the equation shall be transformed to Read more…
After getting a brief knowledge of conduction heat transfer, we can go further to understand how we can calculate the conduction heat transfer. We also may modify the equation thus the thickness of medium or insulation can be calculated. For better understanding, several examples of heat transfer calculation are provided. Read more…
Radiation heat transfer or simply called as thermal radiation occurs without the necessity of any medium even in vacuum space. Or, when a medium is available, the transfer process does not depend on the medium itself. The radiation will be transferred limitless if there is no obstruction. A classic example Read more…
Convection heat transfer can be simply described as the transfer of heat along with the movement of its medium. However, convection process is a complex mechanism which involves heat conduction, energy storage, and mixing/agitation especially when the heat transfer occurs between a solid surface and fluids body. It is important Read more…
As discussed in another article, conduction is heat transfer from particle to particle inside one medium or several connected mediums without any movement from its particle. How can we quantify the heat transferred by this method? Quantification might be needed if we want to install new heat insulation for our Read more…
What do you feel in summer, hot or extremely hot? Whatever your answer, whether it is hot or cold, it refers to the same measure. When a substance is called hot, it means the level of heat is high. While if it is called cold, the level of heat is Read more…
Extraction with solvent and catalytic hydrogenation are the general division of coal liquefaction process. Each process can be described as following. In the extraction process with the solvent, the coal is extracted and dissolved at a temperature of 625 – 725 K with a hydrogen donor solvent. During the dissolution Read more…
Coal is a heterogeneous rock that is infiltrated by substances derived from natural organic materials derived from millions of years ago. The organic part contains elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, and Nitrogen. Coal is not a mixture of chemical compounds such as petroleum but rather a mixture of various Read more…
In water and wastewater treatment system, the stability of flow entering the system is required. The objective of the equalization pool is to minimize or control fluctuations of wastewater characteristics to achieve optimum conditions in subsequent processing. The variation of the liquid waste stream determines the size and type of Read more…
As discussed before, there are three kinds of samples. First is a discrete sample. The second and third sample type will be explained as below: Arranged discrete samples (integrated sample) When the body of water at the sampling point comprises several flow channels, an ordered sample intended to represent the Read more…